Pakistan , livre ebook

PAKISTAN

First published 2012 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com
Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St. Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010
Copyright © Usama Butt and Julian Schofield 2012
The right of the individual contributors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 3207 9 Hardback ISBN 978 0 7453 3206 2 Paperback ISBN 978 1 8496 4644 4 EPUB ISBN 978 1 8496 4645 1 KINDLE
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CONTENTS


List of contributors
Preface

Introduction
Usama Butt and Julian Schofield
Part I: Pakistan–US relations

1 Changing dynamics in the war on terror: the Islamic orientation of the Pakistani state and the Islamic reaction of the masses


Usama Butt
Abstract
Introduction
Factors and actors: the construction of the Islamic orientation of the elite and the Islamic reaction of the non-elite
US policies: from ‘betrayals’ and Afghan Jihad to the war on terror
Present tense, future imperfect: the Islamic reaction and future trends
Conclusion
Notes

2 When realities collide: differing US–Pakistan threat perceptions


Michael Rubin
Abstract
Subordination versus equality
Pakistan’s Achilles’ heel
The perfect storm
Lifting the cold war cover: mutual interests dwindle
Conclusion
Notes

3 The influence of domestic politics on the making of US–Pakistan foreign policy


Mariam Mufti
Abstract
Introduction
Historical overview of US foreign policy towards South Asia
The influence of Pakistan’s domestic context on US–Pakistani relations
Re-evaluating US foreign policy
Conclusion
Notes

4 Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States: a triangle of distrust


Nasir Islam
Abstract
Introduction
9/11: from pariah state to the major non-NATO ally
A double game, duplicity and the trust deficit
Trust deficit
US foreign aid: political expediency
The Coalition Support Fund and accountability
The Kerry–Lugar controversy
January 2010: a turning point?
Strategic dialogue
Person-to-person relations
Conclusion
Notes

5 Pakistan’s quest for security and survival: US–Pakistan relations


Shamshad Ahmad
Abstract
‘The lost friend’
The balancing process
The historical perspective
The critical threshold
The Afghan nettle
The dilemma for Pakistan
The enigmatic relationship
The Kerry–Lugar fiasco and the new Hillary Clinton page
The new direction
Conclusion
Notes

6 US–Pakistan relations: the Af-Pak strategy and prospects of counter-terrorism cooperation


Ishtiaq Ahmed
Abstract
Introduction
The Af-Pak strategy and its impact
Progress in counter-terrorism ties
Prospects of overcoming irritants
Notes
Part II: Pakistan’s foreign relations

7 Pakistan–China strategic relations, energy security and Pakistani counter-terror operations


Julian Schofield
Abstract
China–Pakistan relations
Pakistan’s contemporary China policy
China and the challenge from India
China’s Pakistan policy
Non-proliferation and China’s strategic assistance to Pakistan
China’s energy security goals and Pakistan
Stability in Xinjiang and Pakistani counter-terror operations
Policy implications and conclusion
Notes

8 US–Pakistan relations in a regional perspective: shifting perspectives from the Arab Gulf and the role of the European Union


Christian Koch
Abstract
Introduction
The Arab Gulf perspective on the US-led war on terror
The GCC strategy in the new Great Game
Conclusion
Notes

9 Pakistan–Saudi Arabia relations – an assessment


Gawdat Bhagat
Abstract
Introduction
Historical background
Israel
Iran
Nuclear proliferation
Economic and military cooperation
The September 11, 2001 attacks
Conclusion: the way forward
Notes

10 Pakistan and Iran: a relationship in search of meaning


Harsh V. Pant
Abstract
Historical background on Pakistan–Iran ties
9/11 and its aftermath
Recent trends in Pakistan–Iran ties
The regional dynamic
Conclusion
Notes

11 The nuclear question: nuclear security and the US and western concerns


Shaista Tabassum
Abstract
Introduction
The threat of nuclear terrorism
Background to the Pakistani nuclear programme
The nuclear show of power in South Asia
Strong pro-Taliban and anti-American sentiments
India’s agreements with the United States
Command and control
Conclusion
Notes


Conclusion
Usama Butt and Julian Schofield



Postscript
Glossary
Index
CONTRIBUTORS
Ishtiaq Ahmed is a Quaid-e-Azam fellow at St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, and an associate professor of international relations at Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. A Fulbright scholar and former journalist, he has published extensively on issues of conflict and security in South and Central Asia in refereed journals and edited volumes. His several books include Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: An Afghan trail from Jihad to terrorism .
Shamshad Ahmed is a former Pakistan foreign secretary (1997–2000). He also served as Pakistan’s ambassador to South Korea (1987–90), Iran (1990–92), as secretary-general, ECO (1992–96), and as Pakistan’s ambassador and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000–02). He is the author of a book, Dreams Unfulfilled (Jahangir, Lahore, 2009) and numerous articles (in for example the Washington Times, Foreign Affairs, Cambridge University Review of International Affairs , and selected Pakistani English and Urdu dailies).
Gawdat Bahgat joined the Near East South Asia Centre for Strategic Studies (NESA) faculty in December 2009. Before joining NESA he was director of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. His areas of expertise include energy security, counter-terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, international political economy, the Middle East, the Caspian Sea/Central Asia, and US foreign policy. Bahgat is the author of six books and about 200 scholarly articles. He holds a PhD in political science (Florida State University, 1991), an MA in Middle Eastern studies (American University in Cairo, 1985), and a BA in political science (Cairo University, 1977).
Usama Butt is director of the Institute of Islamic Sociopolitical and Strategic Affairs (IISA). His research focuses on global and third-world security, the dynamics of Islamic civilization and Islamic–western dialogue. He specializes in the global Islamist movements. He edited and contributed to Pakistan’s Quagmire: Security, strategy and the future of the Islamic-nuclear nation (Continuum, New York, 2010).
Nasir Islam is a recently retired professor from the Telfer School of Management at the University of Ottawa, where he held the positions of director, MBA Program and vice dean, Graduate Programs. An expert on Afghan culture and the tribal structures of Kandahar, he spends a few days every couple of months providing cultural awareness training to Canadian military personnel detailed for Afghanistan.
Christian Koch is director of international studies at the Gulf Research Center, Dubai, UAE. His work at the Gulf Research Center combines the various international and foreign relations issues of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states with a particular interest in GCC–EU relations. He is the author of Politische Entwicklung in einem arabischen Golfstaat: Die Rolle von Interessengruppen im Emirat Kuwait (Klaus Schwarz Verlag, Berlin, 2000), the editor of six books including The EU and the GCC: Challenges under the Swedish EU Presidency (with Leif Stenberg, Gulf Research Center, Dubai, 2010); Broadening the Horizon: European Union–Gulf Cooperation Council relations and security issues (Gulf Research Center, Dubai, 2008) and Gulf Security in the Twenty-First Century (ECSSR, Abu Dhabi, 1997 – as co-editor), as well as a contributor to numerous books. His latest publication was a chapter on ‘US–UAE relations’ in Robert Looney (ed.), A Handbook of US–Middle East Relations (Routledge, 2009).
Mariam Mufti is currently a visiting scholar at the Center for South Asian Studies at the University of Toronto. She has a PhD in political science from Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Her research focuses on political parties and regime dynamics in Pakistan. Her work has been published in peer-reviewed journals such as Critique Internationale , South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal and the South Asia Journal .
Harsh V. Pant teaches at King’s College London in the Department of Defence Studies. He is also an associate with the King’s Centre for Science and Security Studies and an affiliate with the King’s India Institute. His current research is focused on Asian security issues. His most recent books include Contemporary Debates in Indian Foreign and Security Policy (Palgrave Macmillan), The China Syndrome (HarperCollins), and China’s Rising Global Profile (Sussex Academic).
Michael Rubin is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, DC, and a senior lecturer at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, for which he teaches courses to deploying senior US army and navy officer