Small is Necessary , livre ebook

Small Is Necessary
Small Is Necessary
Shared Living on a Shared Planet
Anitra Nelson
First published 2018 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright Anitra Nelson 2018
The right of Anitra Nelson to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 3423 3 Hardback
ISBN 978 0 7453 3422 6 Paperback
ISBN 978 1 7868 0188 3 PDF eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0213 2 Kindle eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0212 5 EPUB eBook
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.
Typeset by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Simultaneously printed in the United Kingdom and United States of America
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Abbreviations
Glossary
Acknowledgements
INTRODUCTION
1. Less Is More: Living Closely on a Finite Planet
PART I COMPACT URBAN HOUSING
2. Once We Were Small: Traditional and Contemporary Homes
3. Apartment Living in Cities
4. Apartment Household Practices and Affordability
PART II ECO-COHOUSING AND ECOVILLAGES
5. From Sharing a House to Eco-cohousing
6. Ecovillages: Sustainability and System Change
PART III FUTURES: SCALING UP, SHARED LANDSCAPES, SHARED LIVELIHOODS
7. Will You Dance with Us? Governments and Collaborative Housing
8. To Market, to Market : Eco-collaborative Housing for Sale
9. Grassroots Sustainability, Sociality and Governance
CONCLUSION
10. Small Is Necessary and, with Sharing, Feasible
Appendix: Key Sources and Links
Notes
Index
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
FIGURES
1.1 Commonground intentional community, Central Victoria, Australia
1.2 A modest infill development in an inner suburb of Melbourne (Nest Architects)
2.1 Birmingham (UK) back-to-backs
2.2 Peters-Margedant House, as rendered by Adam Green
3.1 Schematic impression of a Californian garden walk-up apartment
3.2 Energy savings from German apartments retrofitted using passive house principles
3.3 Habitat 67 today in Montreal (Moshe Safdie, architect)
3.4 Patrick Blanc vertical garden at Caixa Forum, Madrid (Herzog de Meuron Architects, Basel, Switzerland)
3.5 Bosco Verticale (Vertical Forest) apartments, Milan (Boeri Studio, Milan)
3.6 Boxhome in Oslo, Norway (Rintala Eggertson Architects)
3.7 Sketches of Boxhome (Rintala Eggertson Architects, Oslo)
3.8 East Village Studio NYC (Jordan Parnass Digital Architecture)
4.1 Floor plan Hong Kong apartment, 93sq m
4.2 Floor plan Paris apartment, 36sq m
4.3 Floor plan London basement apartment, 49sq m
5.1 Summerland Mansions, St Kilda (Melbourne, Australia)
5.2 Early schematic design rendering for Jamaica Plain Cohousing
6.1 Exterior of a Lammas dwelling
6.2 Interior of a Lammas dwelling
6.3 Masterplan sketch of Cloughjordan Ecovillage
6.4 Cloughjordan Community Farm: Hard at work ploughing
6.5 Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage: An aerial view
7.1 Spreefeld: Three blocks of collaborative housing on the River Spree, Berlin
8.1 Photo and sketch of tiny house, West Australia
9.1 A Ceilidh at Tinkers Bubble
9.2 Christiania, 2011
9.3 Calafou, 2012
TABLES
2.1 Types of household by household type (%), 2011 (or nearest available)
2.2 Floor space of new builds in 15 countries, 2009
6.1 DRE average carbon footprint compared with the US average (CO 2 -e metric tonnes)
7.1 Typology of drivers of eco-collaborative housing models in the twenty-first century
BOXES
6.1 Los Angeles Eco-Village Core Values
9.1 An Occupy placard created by Sabrina from Twin Oaks, 2012
Abbreviations

British pounds

dollars
A
Australian dollars

Euros
3D
three-dimensional
ABS
Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACF
Australian Conservation Foundation
ACT
Australian Capital Territory
ADU
accessory dwelling unit
aka
also known as
BBC
British Broadcasting Commission
BedZED
Beddington Zero Energy Development
BICA
Bend of Islands Conservation Association
BREEAM
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (UK rating system)
BVCLT
Beverly-Vermont Community Land Trust
bn
Billion
CA
California
CABE
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (London, 1999-2011)
CBD
central business district
CEHL
Common Equity Housing Ltd
CHP
combined heat and power
CIC
Catalan Integral Cooperative (Cooperativa Integral Catalana)
CLT
community land trust
CMHC
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
CO 2
carbon dioxide
CO 2 -e
carbon dioxide equivalent (carbon emissions)
COP21
21 st Conference of the Parties (to UNFCCC)
COP22
22 nd Conference of the Parties (to UNFCCC)
CRSP
Cooperative Resources and Services Project
CSA
community supported agriculture
DC
District of Columbia
DCLG
Department for Communities and Local Government
DELWP
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (Victoria, Australia)
D ef
ecological footprint distance
DELWP
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (Victoria, Australia)
DIO
do it ourselves
DRE
Dancing Rabbit Ecovillage
E2C2
ecology and economics, community and consciousness (approach of Litfin)
ELZ
environmental living zone
ft
feet
ft 2
sq ft
GEN
Global Ecovillage Network
gha
global hectare (to quantify human ecological footprints and biocapacity)
GHG
greenhouse gas
GPS
global positioning system
HHP
Hockerton Housing Project
IDO
interim development order
INURA
International Network for Urban Research and Action
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
kW
kilowatt
kWh/(m 2 a)
kilowatt hour (of energy) per square meter per annum
l
litres
LAEV
Los Angeles Eco-Village
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
LID
low impact development
Lilac
low impact living affordable community
m
metre(s)
m 2
sq m
MA
Massachusetts
MEF
Moreland Energy Foundation
MHOS
Mutual Home Ownership Society
NHF
National Housing Federation (UK)
NHF
National Housing Federation
NSW
New South Wales
NYC
New York City
NZ
New Zealand
NZ
New Zealand dollars
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPD
One Planet Development (as in Welsh policy)
p.a.
per annum
P2P
peer-to-peer
PIA
Planning Institute of Australia
PV
photovoltaic
RBCC
Round the Bend Conservation Co-operative
RIBA
Royal Institute of British Architects
RMIT
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (university)
S
Singapore dollars
UK
United Kingdom
ULI
Urban Land Institute
UN
United Nations
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNRISD
United Nations Research Institute for Social Research
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
US
United States
US
United States dollars
USTA
Urban Soil/Tierra Urbana
V
volt(s)
W
watts
WWOOFers
Willing Workers on Organic Farms
ZAD
Zone D fendre
Glossary
Accessory dwelling units: unit partitioned out of a larger, say family, dwelling or detached dwelling alongside a larger one, aka Granny flats (Australia) or self-contained studio/unit/dwelling created for supplementary income, independent children and caregivers.
Affordable housing : for eligibility and statistical purposes variously defined. In Australia typically referring to housing that costs the household less than 30 per cent of their gross income to live in (includes mortgage or rental payments, insurance, maintenance, council rates and property taxes but not necessarily costs of essential services, such as operational energy and water services). All such definitions, standards and measures neglect aspects and spawn anomalies such as under-used dwellings and overcrowding , accommodation as in-kind remuneration for employment, energy poverty and precarious employment.
Apartment block : separate multi-household dwellings each separately owned or rented, with potential for voluntary community bonds and sharing of resources, goods and services.
Baugemeinschaften , community building partnerships or building communities : privately owned dwellings with collective ownership of shared spaces.
Baugruppen : self-administering building groups of owner-occupiers who collectively buy land, collaboratively design, and sometimes labour on, a multi-household build ( baugruppe ).
Cohousing : purposively co-located and connected neighbourhoods of multiple households, each household with a private dwelling but sharing, with their cohousing neighbours, specific common spaces (such as a common house), resources (such as community gardens and cars) and activities (such as preparing and eating meals). Such settlements have formal, legal, community governance arrangements covering rules for entry and exit, shared access, maintenance, fees and other sets of mutual obligations and expectations. Legal models and names for such arrangements are many and various, including cooperative, condo(minium) association and collective house (Japan).
CoHousing : a generic European term for collaboratively designed and built housing spaces for multiple households that develop self-managed social architectures to share activities and experiences, not just spaces and resources (see id22).
Co-housing : used, especially with respect to European models, to refer to multiunit housing that involves some level of self-organisation, as in collectively built, co-located and self-managed (collectively managed) housing. The comparable term in this work is the all-encompassing collaborative housing .
Collaborative housing : a generic term for housing typically produced by professional and industry partners with prospective residents and, once established, maintained by household types that function as a community of resident