The Turks in Egypt and their Cultural Legacy , livre ebook

First published in 2012 by
The American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018
www.aucpress.com

Copyright © 2012 Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu

From the Arabic translation by Salih Sadawi, al-Atrak fi-Misr wa-turathuhum al-thaqafi: dirasa tahliliya wa-thabt bibliyughrafi li-irthihim al-matbu ‘ mundhu Muhammad ‘Ali (Istanbul: IRCICA, 2006)

Published with the generous support of the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Dar el Kutub No. 2371/10
eISBN: 978-1-6179-7349-9

Dar el Kutub Cataloging-in-Publication Data

İhsanoğlu, Ekmeleddin
    The Turks in Egypt and Their Cultural Legacy / Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu; Translated by Humphrey Davies. —Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2012
    p.  cm.
    ISBN 978 977 416 397 5
    1. Turkish People  I. Davies, Humphrey  (Trans.)
    305.89430962

1 2 3 4 5 16 15 14 13 12

Designed by Adam el-Sehemy
To my dear father, from whom I imbibed a love of knowledge and books, and to all those who supported me on this journey
Contents
Author’s Acknowledgments for the English Edition
Foreword to the English Edition by Nelly Hanna
Foreword by Halit Eren
Translator’s Note
About This Book
Introduction
Abbreviations Used in This Book
PART ONE
The Turks and Their Culture in Egypt since the Nineteenth Century
1. The Number of Turks in Egypt and Their Status within Egyptian Society
2. The Turkish Language and Ottoman Culture at the Palace and among the Aristocracy
Poetesses and Women Writers Raised in the Palace and Its Environs
3. Turks in the Egyptian Administration and the Turkish Language as a Language of Administration
4. Turks and the Turkish Language in the Egyptian Army
Military Literature in Turkish in Egypt
5. The Teaching of the Turkish Language and Ottoman Culture in Egyptian Schools
Initial Turkish Teaching Activities
The Reigns of ‘Abbas Pasha I and Sa‘id Pasha
The Reign of Khedive Isma‘il
The Teaching of Turkish in Sudan
The Decline and Eventual Disappearance of Turkish Teaching in Schools
Turkish Textbooks Set in Egyptian Schools
6. The Teaching of Persian Language and Literature in Egypt
Books and Dictionaries Used for the Teaching of Persian
Books Translated from Persian into Turkish
Persian Books Printed in Egypt
7. The Place of Turkish in Egypt’s Translation Program
How Translation Was Carried Out in Egypt
Who Made Translations into Turkish in Egypt?
The Shift to Institutions
Translations from Oriental Languages
Translations from Occidental Languages
8. An Overview of Turkish Books Printed in Egypt
The Bulaq Press and Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha
Books Printed in Egypt during the Reign of Sultan Abdülhamîd II
Religious Books
Collections of Poetry and Works of Literature
Books of History, Biography, and Geography
Turkish Books on the Modern Sciences
The Young Turks and the Publications of the Political Opposition
Overview of Turkish Books Printed in the Twentieth Century
9. The Turkish Press in Egypt
Stage One: Vekâyi-i Mısriye and Mısır
Stage Two: Young Turk Newspapers and Magazines
Stage Three: Prisoner-of-War Newspapers from the First World War
Stage Four: Two Newspapers Produced after the Declaration of the Republic (Müsâvât and Muhâdenet)
Stage Five: The Second World War and Cephe (Vanguard) Magazine
10. Books Translated from Turkish into Arabic and Printed in Egypt
PART TWO
Printing in Egypt and Works of Turkish Culture Printed There
11. The Beginning of Printing in Egypt
The First Turkish Printed Books
The Role of Printing in Muhammad ‘Ali’s Modernization Campaign
12. The Bulaq Press and the Turkish Books Printed There
The Founding of the Bulaq Press
The Printing of Turkish Books at the Bulaq Press
Typesetters and Proofreaders
Printing Books for Private Concessionaires ( multazim s)
The Typefaces Used
The Interplay of Influence between Printing in Istanbul and at Bulaq
The Sale of Bulaq Press Books in Ottoman Turkey
The First Book Printed at the Bulaq Press: The Vesâyâname-i seferiye (The Advices Related to War)
13. Presses Other Than the Bulaq Press Printing Turkish Books in Egypt
Matba‘at Diwan al-Jihadiya (The War Office Press)
Matba‘at Diwan al-Madaris al-Mulkiya (The Civil Schools Office Press)
Matba‘at Wadi al-Nil (The Nile Valley Press)
Matbaa-i Osmaniye/Kanun-ı Esasî Matbaası (The Osmaniye, or Constitution, Press)
Osmanlı İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti Matbaası (The Committee of Union and Progress Press)
Hindiye Matbaası (The Hindiya Press)
Maarif Matbaası (The Knowledge Press)
Türk Matbaası (The Turks’ Press)
İctihad Matbaası (The Independent Thought Press)
Osmanlı Matbaası (The Osmanli Press)
Notes
General Bibliography
General Index

Online: www.aucpress.com/turks.html and on the CD
PART THREE
The Vessels of Turkish Printed Culture in Egypt: Annotated Bibliographical Lists

Introduction
Sources and Organization of Bibliographic Entries
Annotated Bibliographies
Indexes
Abbreviations in the Bibliography and References
Abbreviations of Libraries and Collections
General Abbreviations
Bibliography I: Books in Turkish Printed in Egypt (1798–1997)
Bibliography II: Periodicals in Turkish Published in Egypt (1828–1947)
Bibliography III: Books Translated from Turkish into Arabic and Printed in Egypt (1828–2003)

Indexes to the Bibliographies
Author’s Acknowledgments for the English Edition
I nterest shown by scholarly circles, as well as by general readership, in the Turkish and Arabic editions (2006) of The Turks in Egypt and Their Cultural Legacy made it imperative that an English version be prepared. The realization of the expectations of many colleagues has now been possible thanks to the cooperation between IRCICA and the American University in Cairo Press. I wish to extend my gratitude to Dr. Halit Eren, Director General of IRCICA, for his support in that respect. I also wish to thank Professor Nelly Hanna for the elaborate and thought-provoking foreword she penned for the English edition.
To Dr. Humphrey Davies goes my appreciation for his sincere and collaborative attitude and patience in translating this book—which was originally written in Turkish based on sources and references in numerous western and eastern languages—from its first Arabic edition into English. I am indeed grateful for the opportunity to make some additions and modifications to the previous edition during this course of translation into English. It has also been possible to include these additions and modifications in the second Arabic edition, which appeared as a Dar al-Shorouk publication in 2011.
The lengthy and arduous collaboration between IRCICA and the AUC Press, which later evolved into teamwork in the preparation of the English edition, needs to be highlighted. I mention with much affection and respect the memory of our cherished colleague, the late Dr. Semiramis Çavusoglu, who translated into English the lists of Turkish books and periodicals that appear in Part Three of this work. My gratitude and appreciation go as well to my dear colleague and collaborator Dilek Orbay and my young colleagues Dr. Guler Dogan Averbek and Humeyra Zerdeci, as well as to Johanna Baboukis of the AUC Press, who have all extended their valuable assistance to me at various stages of this meticulous exercise.
Foreword to the English Edition
Nelly Hanna

I t is often thought that the nineteenth century, as a result of the French Expedition (1798–1803) and the reform policies of Muhammad ‘Ali (1805–48) and his successors which were influenced by European models, brought an end to the influence of Ottoman and Turkish culture. The introduction of a new educational system inspired by the French lycée model, the educational missions for students to study in Europe, and the creation of cultural institutions like the Opera House and the Cairo Museum—all these innovations support this view. Thus, although the presence of Turks in the army and the administration is well documented, their role in the cultural scene is an aspect that has not been explored in any depth. Modernity is linked to the influence of European structures in administration, in the economy, and in culture. Consequently, the Turkish influence decreased and retracted from the various facets of Egyptian life. The Turkish and Ottoman dimension has, in short, been largely absent from this narrative.
This view of Turkish and Ottoman influence on the developments of the nineteenth century can be attributed to different factors. At the end of the nineteenth century, a negative attitude toward Turks and Turkish influences became apparent. It was partly due to the growing influence of Europeans and European culture, which culminated with the British military occupation (1882), as the new rulers needed to legitimize their own presence. It was also partly due to the sad state of the Ottoman Empire during the last years of its existence. Hence, the history of the period was written in the context of a growing opposition to Turkish and Ottoman culture. Historical writings reflected the political conditions of the time.
Professor İhsanoğlu’s book rectifies some of these views and misconceptions. It shows not only that Turkish culture survived for most of the nineteenth century, but that, in fact, it grew and expanded to a much higher level than had been the case when Egypt was under direct Ottoman rule. The author argues his point mainly through his detailed empirical study of education and the publication of books, of which he has extensive knowledge. Professor İhsanoğlu,