Elsevier's Integrated Physiology E-Book , livre ebook

Elsevier’s Integrated
Physiology
Robert G. Carroll, PhD
Professor of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville,
North CarolinaTable of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Editorial Review Board
Series Preface
Chapter 1: Physiology: The Regulation of Normal Body Function
PHYSIOLOGY
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
COMMON THEMES
APPLICATION OF COMMON THEMES: PHYSIOLOGY OF
THERMOREGULATION
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 2: The Integument
EPITHELIA
INTEGUMENT LAYERS
ROLE OF SKIN IN THERMOREGULATION
CUTANEOUS GROWTH AND REGENERATION
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
IMMUNE FUNCTIONTOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 3: Body Fluid Distribution
BARRIERS BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS
MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS
MOVEMENT ACROSS BARRIERS
BODY FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 4: Cellular Function
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CELL DEVELOPMENT
CELL-TO-CELL COMMUNICATION
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
MODULATION OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO LIGAND
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 5: Musculoskeletal System
STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE TYPES
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CARDIAC MUSCLE
SKELETON
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
HEMATOPOIESIS
BLOOD COMPONENTS
HEMOSTASIS
FIBRINOLYSIS AND ANTICOAGULANTS
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTSChapter 7: The Heart
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
MYOCARDIAL PHYSIOLOGY
CARDIAC MECHANICAL ACTIVITY
NEURAL AND HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE HEART
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 8: Vascular System
BLOOD VESSEL HISTOLOGY
VASCULAR SEGMENTS
HEMODYNAMICS
MICROCIRCULATION
NEURAL AND HORMONAL REGULATION OF VASCULATURE
CIRCULATION IN SPECIFIC VASCULAR BEDS
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 9: Integrated Cardiovascular Function
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF CARDIOVASCULAR INTEGRATION
REGULATION
ARTERIAL HYPOTENSION AND SHOCK
CARDIAC AND VASCULAR FUNCTION CURVES
EFFECTS OF RESPIRATION ON CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION
EFFECTS OF ACCELERATION AND GRAVITY ON CARDIOVASCULAR
FUNCTION
INTEGRATION AND REDUNDANCY OF CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL
CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENT TO EXERCISE
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 10: Pulmonary System
PULMONARY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY MAPSTRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
VENTILATION
SURFACTANT AND PULMONARY COMPLIANCE
WORK OF RESPIRATION
GAS EXCHANGE
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
VENTILATION-PERFUSION BALANCE
BLOOD TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
REGULATION OF PULMONARY FUNCTION
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 11: Renal System and Urinary Tract
RENAL SYSTEM STRUCTURES
FUNCTION OF THE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
RENAL TUBULAR SEGMENTS
RENAL HANDLING OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
URINARY CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION
URINARY ACID-BASE REGULATION
REGULATION OF RENAL FUNCTION
EXCRETION
RENAL ENDOCRINE FUNCTION
RENAL METABOLIC FUNCTION
EFFECTS OF NUTRITION
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 12: Gastrointestinal System
GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY
GASTROINTESTINAL SECRETIONS
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTSChapter 13: Endocrine System
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REGULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY
THYROID
PARATHYROID HORMONE AND CALCITONIN
ADRENAL GLAND
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM AND ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 14: Female Reproductive System
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN UTERO
PUBERTY
ADULT FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
BREASTS
FEMALE REPRODUCTION
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 15: Male Reproductive System
SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION IN UTERO
PUBERTY
ADULT MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
INTERCOURSE AND ORGASM
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Chapter 16: Life Span
PREGNANCY
NEONATAL PHYSIOLOGY
GROWTH
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTSChapter 17: Integration
INTEGRATED ACID-BASE REGULATION
EXERCISE
TOP 5 TAKE-HOME POINTS
Case Studies
Case Study Answers
IndexC o p y r i g h t
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd
Suite 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ELSEVIER’S INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY
ISBN-13: 978-0-323-04318-2
ISBN-10: 0-323-04318-6
Copyright © 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in
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any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out or related to any use of the material contained in this
book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Elsevier’s integrated physiology.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-323-04318-6
1. Human physiology.
QP34.5.E47 2007
612—dc22
2006043013
Acquisitions Editor: Alex Stibbe
Developmental Editor: Andrew Hall
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1D e d i c a t i o n
In memory of my friend and mentor, the late Dr. David F. Opdyke, and with many
thanks to my teachers at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey–
Newark.
Preface
At a conference, I was asked to summarize physiology in twenty- ve words or less.
Here is my response: “The body consists of barriers and compartments. Life exists
because the body creates and maintains gradients. Physiology is the study of
movement across the barriers.” Twenty-five words exactly.
This book is organized along those lines. Most chapters begin with an
anatomic/histologic presentation of the system. Function does indeed follow form,
and the structure provides limitations on physiology of a system. Physiology,
however, is the study of anatomy in action. If anatomy is the study of the body in
three dimensions, physiologic function and regulation extend the study of the body
into the fourth dimension, time.
Robert G. Carroll, PhDEditorial Review Board
Chief Series Advisor
J. Hurley Myers, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Physiology and Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of
Medicine
President and CEO, DxR Development Group, Inc., Carbondale, Illinois
Anatomy and Embryology
Thomas R. Gest, PhD, University of Michigan Medical School, Division of
Anatomical Sciences, Office of Medical Education, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Biochemistry
John W. Baynes, MS, PhD, Graduate Science Research Center, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
Marek Dominiczak, MD, PhD, FRCPath, FRCP(Glas), Clinical Biochemistry
Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow,
United Kingdom
Clinical Medicine
Ted O’Connell, MD
Clinical Instructor, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
Program Director, Woodland Hills Family Medicine Residency Program, Woodland
Hills, California
Genetics
Neil E. Lamb, PhD
Director of Educational Outreach, Hudson Alpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville,
Alabama
Adjunct Professor, Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Histology
Leslie P. Gartner, PhD, Professor of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical
Sciences, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, University of
Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
James L. Hiatt, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Dental School, University of Maryland at
Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
Immunology
Darren G. Woodside, PhD, Principal Scientist, Drug Discovery, Encysive
Pharmaceuticals Inc., Houston, Texas
MicrobiologyRichard C. Hunt, MA, PhD
Professor of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology
Director of the Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Department of Pathology and
Microbiology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South
Carolina
Neuroscience
Cristian Stefan, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Cell Biology,