Therapy in Nephrology and Hypertension E-Book , livre ebook

Therapy in Nephrology & Hypertension
A Companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney
Third Edition

Christopher S. Wilcox, MD, PhD, FRCP(c), FACP
George E. Schreiner Professor of Nephrology and Director, Georgetown University Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Disorders Center, Department of Medicine
Co-Director of Angiogenesis Program, Lombardi Cancer Institute, Georgetown University
Chief of Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
W.B. Saunders
Copyright
SAUNDERS ELSEVIER
1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard
Suite 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
THERAPY IN NEPHROLOGY & HYPERTENSION: A COMPANION TO BRENNER & RECTOR’s THE KIDNEY, THIRD EDITION
ISBN: 978-1-4160-5484-9
Copyright © 2008 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (U.S.) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: healthpermissions@elsevier.com . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at www.elsevier.com/permissions .


Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
Previous editions copyrighted 2003, 1999
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Therapy in nephrology & hypertension: a companion to Brenner & Rector’s
The kidney/[edited by] Christopher S. Wilcox. — 3rd ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4160-5484-9
1. Kidneys-Diseases-Treatment. 2. Hypertension-Treatment. 3. Renal hypertension-Treatment. I. Wilcox, Christopher S. II. Brenner & Rector’s the kidney. III. Title: Therapy in nephrology and hypertension. IV. Title: Brenner and Rector’s the kidney.
[DNLM: 1. Kidney Diseases-therapy. 2. Female Urogenital Diseases-therapy. 3. Hypertension-therapy. 4. Kidney Diseases-complications. 5. Male Urogenital Diseases-therapy. 6. Nephrology-methods. WJ 300 T397 2008]
RC902.T487 2008
616.6′106-dc22
2008018832
Acquisitions Editor: Adrianne Brigido
Developmental Editor: Pamela Heatherington
Project Manager: David Saltzberg
Design Direction: Steven Stave
Printed in Canada
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
Salus servandra per scientiam doctrinamque
(Let us provide healing through science and learning)
I acknowledge my great fortune to have learnt the science of nephrology and hypertension from the best in the field: Faisel S. Nashat, MD; Sir Stanley Peart, FRS; Gerhard Giebish, MD; and Barry M. Brenner, MD, and to have had the strong support for my work from George E. Schreiner, MD, who endowed the chair that I hold and Ms. Alma L. Gildenhorn, who chairs the board of the Cardiovascular Kidney Hypertension Institute that I direct.
Aureus et carus umor fluat abunde
(O precious golden fluid, may it flow in abundance)

I express my deepest gratitude to those most influential in teaching me the practice of nephrology and hypertension and the skills needed to develop a clinical and research program: William Slater, MD; William E. Mitch, MD; and Craig C. Tisher, MD.
“During my years of teaching literature at Cornell and elsewhere I demanded of my students the passion of science and the patience of poetry.”
Vladimir Nabokov
(Strong Opinions, Interviews, 1962)
“Sell your cleverness and buy bewilderment; Cleverness is mere opinion, bewilderment intuition.”
Jalal al-Din Rumi
Persian poet and mystic, 1207-1273
(Masnavi, Book IV, Story II, as translated by E. H. Whinfield, 2000)
The ideas and stimulating discussions that I have received from many colleagues, fellows, and students at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London in the UK and Harvard, Florida, and Georgetown in the U.S.A. have been an inspiration for me.
“Though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not love, I am nothing.”
First Letter of St. Paul to the Corinthians, Chapter XIII
Holy Bible
Most important has been the sense of purpose and strength that accrues to my life and achievements from the love, understanding, and support of my dear wife, Linda; our beloved children, Mark, Juliette, Stuart, and Philip; and grandchildren Henry, Isabelle, Anna, and Lauren; and from my dear brother, Frank, and his family.
In Memoriam
Stuart and Imogen Wilcox and Alex and Petra Wilcox
Preface
Therapy in Nephrology & Hypertension is a companion to Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney . It provides comprehensive information and detailed discussion on the most critical areas relating to therapy. The aim is to provide a thoughtful overview of the rationale, specifics, efficacy, toxicity, and limitations of current therapeutics in renal disease and hypertension. A world-leading panel of expert contributors has been challenged to summarize and critique current clinical trials and to make their own treatment recommendations based on the results of these trials or, when these are not available, their own best clinical practice. They provide the background to these decisions and the details of the drugs used. Where possible, they have included an algorithm to summarize the steps involved in selection and monitoring of drug treatment.
The first two editions were coauthored with Hugh R. Brady. Sadly, his new responsibilities as President of University College, Dublin, Ireland, have precluded his involvement in this third edition. He has been hard indeed to replace. Rather than select another co-editor, I have chosen to distribute the editorial duties amongst a group of seven section editors. Each is a world expert in the fields that he or she covers. This ensures that the best current authors in the field have been selected to write the chapters and that the material has been critiqued by another true expert. I have been delighted with the results. This injection of new ideas and directions has led to the inclusion of many new chapters. Thirty of the 93 chapters have new primary authors.
Every chapter in this edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. Where new treatment modalities have been discovered and released, or new trials are available, these are included in the updated chapters.
It is you, the readers, who will evaluate the success of this textbook. Your comments, criticisms, and suggestions following its publication are greatly appreciated. They will be incorporated into the planning of the next edition. Please write to me to express comments on specific chapters, whether encouraging or otherwise, and any specific information or topics that you consider are either missing or inadequately or incorrectly covered. It is my aim to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date, fully referenced, and authoritative review of all the major areas of treatment in nephrology and hypertension by acknowledged experts in the field. I have retained the original concept of many short chapters since I believe this makes a large book, such as this, more accessible and readable and allows me to draw on a large expert authorship.
I wish to thank Barry Brenner for his continuing encouragement and trust in me to edit this important companion to his authoritative book; the many individuals at Saunders and Elsevier Science Publishing who have helped me pilot this project from inception to completion, most notably Ms. Pamela Hetherington, Ms. Adrianne Brigido, and Ms. Susan Pioli, who have undertaken the lead roles in preparing this new edition for publication; Ms. Emily Wing Kam Chan, who so diligently kept authors and section editors apprised of the progress of chapters and collated the entire book as chapters were passed on from section editors; and my wife for her understanding and support for this, yet another major academic project that necessarily takes time away from what we would otherwise spend together. Most important, I thank the section editors for the extraordinary dedication that they have shown to this project. Not only did I entrust them to recommend the selection of topics and authors, but also to read and correct the first proofs and to be the primary contacts for the authors as their chapters made their way through the process of submission, selection, correction, and final printing. Finally, I thank with great sincerity the many authors who have devoted their time and effort in busy academic