Astronomy , livre ebook

ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMY
A Self-Teaching Guide
Eighth Edition
Dinah L. Moch , Ph.D.
Astronomy: A Self-Teaching Guide, Eighth Edition
Copyright 1978, 1981, 1987, 1993, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2015 Dinah L. Moch All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Moch , Dinah L., 1936-author. Astronomy : a self-teaching guide / Dinah L. Moch , Ph.D. -- Eighth edition. pages cm ISBN 978-1-62045-990-4 (acid-free paper) 1. Astronomy. I. Title. QB45.2.M63 2014 520--dc23
2014016474
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CREDITS
We thank the American Astronomical Society for providing dozens of press releases, fact sheets, and celestial images. This service enables us to keep this text accurate and up to date.
Figures are courtesy of the following organizations and individuals:
David Aguilar/Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: 7.8
California Association for Research in Astronomy (adapted from): 2.15
DSS (Optical), NASA/CXC/M.Weiss (Illustration): 5.14
ESA/NASA/SOHO: 4.1, 4.8
ESO: 6.3, 6.16c
Ann Feild/Space Science Telescope Institute: 6.23
Gemini Observatory/Neelon Crawford-Polar Fine Arts, courtesy of Gemini Observatory, AURA, and National Science Foundation: 2.6
G. Meylan and ESO: 2.12a
Hale Observatories: 9.28, 11.7
High Altitude Observatory/National Center for Atmospheric Research: 4.5
The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA): 6.21
Hubble Space Telescope WFPC Team, NASA, STScI: 6.16a
Dr. T. H. Jarrett (UCT/Caltech): 6.17
JAXA: 4.9
Lowell Observatory: 9.22
Dinah L. Moch /George Tremberger Jr.: I.2, I.3, 1.12, 2.4, 3.8, 3.9, 3.16, 3.17, 3.18, 3.20, 4.6, 5.3, 5.10 ([selected] data from Barbara J. Anthony-Twarog), 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.12, 6.24a, 6.24b, 6.25, 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.1 ([selected] from NASA), 8.2, 8.4, 8.11, 8.12, 9.12, 9.14, 9.15, 10.8
NASA: I.1, 8.14 (adapted), 8.16, 9.6, 9.8, 9.9, 9.10, 9.18, 9.19, 9.23, 9.26, 10.1, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6
NASA, Reta Beebe, and Amy Simon (New Mexico State University): 9.20
NASA/CXC/ASU/J. Hester, et al.: 5.12b
NASA/CXC/CfA/R. Kraft, et al.: 6.19a, 6.19c
NASA/CXC/MIT/F. K. Baganoff, et al.: 6.11
NASA E/PO, Sonoma State University, Aurore Simonnet: 2.19
NASA and ESA: 6.16d
NASA, ESA, and AURA/Caltech: 6.4
NASA/ESA/ASU/J. Hester A. Loll: 5.12a
NASA, ESA, R. Gendler, T. Lauer (NOAO/AURA/NSF), and A. Feild (STScI): 6.14
NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch (University of California, Santa Cruz), R. Bouwens (Leiden University), and the HUDF09 Team: I.4
NASA, ESA, Z. Levay and R. van der Marel (STScI), T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger: 6.20
NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA), and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team: 5.1a
NASA, ESA, SSC, CXC, and STScI: 6.1
NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA): 6.5, 9.16
NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration: 5.9, 6.16b, 6.16e
NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA): 6.2
NASA, ESA, and STScI: 2.12b 2.13
NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington: 9.1, 9.2
NASA/JPL: 9.27
NASA/JPL-Caltech: 6.10
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin Space Science Systems, 9.17
NASA/JPL-Caltech/M. Meixner (STScI) the SAGE Legacy Team: 6.13
NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC): 12.2
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. Minn./R. Gehrz : 5.12c
NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute: 9.24
NASA/JPL/STScI: 9.25
NASA, NOAO, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA): 6.9
NASA Planetary Photojournal: 9.21
NASA and STScI: 6.16f
NASA/WMAP Science Team: 7.9
National Optical Astronomy Observatories: 1.3 (P. Marenfeld NOAO/AURA/NSF), 5.11, 6.22a
National Radio Astronomy Observatory/AUI: 2.17
National Radio Astronomy Observatory/AUI, J. O. Burns, E. J. Schrier, and E. D. Feigelson: 6.18
Image courtesy of NRAO/AUI and Earth image courtesy of the SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC and ORBIMAGE: 2.18
J. William Schopf, Elso S. Barghoorn, Morton D. Masser, and Robert O. Gordon: 12.1
Dr. Martin Schwartzchild, Princeton University: 4.10
Seth Shostak: 12.7
SOHO (ESA NASA): 4.7a, 4.12, 4.13
SOHO (ESA NASA); assembled by Steele Hill (NASA GSFC): 4.11, 4.12, 4.13
SOHO/MDI magnetic map, white light, TRACE 1700A continuum, TRACE Lyman alpha, TRACE 171 , TRACE 195 , TRACE 284 , YOHKOH/SXT X-ray image; composite prepared by Joe Covington (Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space, Palo Alto): 4.7b (clockwise from top)
Tass/Sovfoto: 9.7
United States Air Force: 11.10
Ryan Wyatt (adapted from): 8.3
P. Marenfeld NOAO/AURA/NSF: 1.3
Photo Insert
Page 1 top: NASA/Lockheed Martin [images from the NASA Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT), the Large Angle and Spectrometric coronagraph (LASCO), and the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) telescopes on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)]; page 1 bottom: Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech; page 2 top: X-ray: NASA/CXC/CfA/R. Kraft et al; Radio: NSF/VLA/Univ. Hertfordshire/M. Hardcastle; Optical: ESO/VLT/ISAAC/M. Rejkuba, et al.; page 2 bottom: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); page 3 top left and right: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); page 3 bottom: ESA and the Planck Collaboration; page 4 top: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Wesleyan Univ./R. Kilgard, et al.; UV: NASA/JPL-Caltech; Optical: NASA/ESA/S. Beckwith Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); IR: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ Univ. of AZ/R. Kennicutt; page 4 bottom: X-ray: NASA/UMass/Q. D. Wang, et al.; Optical: NASA/STScI/AURA/Hubble Heritage; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. AZ/R. Kennicutt/SINGS Team
Tables and illustrations are adapted, redrawn, or used by permission of the following authors and publishers:
Table 1.1 : Robert Garrison and Toomas Karmo, Observer s Handbook 2014 , with permission of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.
Table 2.1 : Astronomy: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 3rd edition, by Robert Jastrow and Malcolm H. Thompson. Copyright 1972, 1974, 1977 by Robert Jastrow (John Wiley Sons, New York).
Table 3.1 (adapted); 11.2 (selected): Allen s Astrophysical Quantities, 4th edition. Copyright 1999 by A. N. Cox, ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York).
Table 6.2 (adapted): Realm of the Universe, by George O. Abell. Copyright 1964, 1969, 1973, 1980, by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Copyright 1976 by George O. Abell. Used by permission of Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Tables 8.2 and 8.3 : (selected) National Aeronautics and Space Administration public information.
Tables 10.2 and 10.3 : with permission from Solar Eclipses: 1996-2020, 2021-2030 and Lunar Eclipses: 1996-2020 , and 2021-2030 by Fred Espenak, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.
Table 11.1 : (selected) National Space Science Data Center.
Appendix 5 : Alan Batten, Observer s Handbook 2009, with permission of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.
TO THE READER
Astronomy is a user-friendly guide for beginners. Chapters make it easy for you to quickly learn the main topics of a college-level course. Sections clarify basic principles and contemporary advances. The Index enables you to look up concepts, definitions, facts, and famous astronomers, fast.
You can use the book alone as a handy reference or with a conventional textbook, Internet-based distance-learning course, homeschooling, computer software, or telescope manual.
PARTICULARLY USEFUL FEATURES
Website addresses throughout for the best astronomy online.
Mathematics is not required.
Line art makes technical ideas obvious.
Star and Moon maps for fun stargazing.
Up-to-date, accurate star, constellation, and astronomical data.
Popular sky targets for hobby telescopes.
Tips for hands-on, active learning.
Objectives, reviews, and self-tests to monitor your progress.
WHAT S NEW IN THE EIGHTH EDITION?
While keeping its successful self-teaching format, this eighth edition incorporates website addresses for spectacular color images. The entire book was revised to include revolutionary discoveries and the best suggestions from many readers and educators who profitably used prior editions.
Frontier twenty-first-century research into black holes, active galaxies and quasars, searches for life