Defending Women's Rights in Europe , livre ebook

Defending Women’s Rights in Europe
Defending Women’s Rights in Europe
Gender Equality and EU Enlargement
Olga A. Avdeyeva
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2015 State University of New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Avdeyeva, Olga A., 1976–
Defending women’s rights in Europe : gender equality and EU enlargement / Olga A. Avdeyeva.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4384-5591-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4384-8 (ebook)
1. Women's rights—European Union countries. 2. Sex discrimination against women—European Union countries. I. Title. HQ1236.5.E85A93 2014 305.42094—dc23 2014020292
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my parents
Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
P ART I. EU E NLARGEMENT , A CCESSION C ONDITIONALITY, AND G ENDER E QUALITY : T HEORETICAL D EPARTURES AND R ESEARCH D ESIGN
Chapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework
Chapter 3. Exploring the Data
P ART II. C ASE S TUDIES : I NTERNATIONAL AND D OMESTIC D IMENSIONS
Chapter 4. Introduction to Qualitative Analysis
Chapter 5. Poland: Political Swings and Challenged Compliance
Chapter 6. Czech Republic: State Cooptation of Reforms and Marginal Compliance
Chapter 7. Lithuania: Policy Emulation and Strong Compliance
Chapter 8. Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV
Notes
Personal Interviews
References
Index
Illustrations
Figures
Figure 3.1. Predicted Probabilities for Policy Harmonization in EU Enlargement States, 1995–2010
Figure 3.2. Predicted Probabilities for Institutional Adjustment in EU Enlargement States, 1995–2010
Figure 3.3. Marginal Effects of Political Parties and the Strength of Women’s NGOs on Policy Harmonization in EU Enlargement States, 1995–2010
Figure 3.4. Marginal Effects of Political Parties and the Strength of Women’s NGOs on Institutional Adjustment in EU Enlargement States, 1995–2010
Tables
Table 1.1. Total Female Labor Force Participation, Age 15–65, Central and Eastern European Countries, 1985–2005
Table 1.2. Total Female Unemployment Rate, Central and Eastern European Countries, 1990–2004
Table 1.3. Gender Pay Gap, Central and Eastern European Countries, 1995–2010
Table 1.4. Gender Equality Score (Adopted from Gender Equality Scale), Pooled 1995–2001
Table 3.1. The Adoption of Law on Gender Equality (Blueprint Policy) by Country, 1999–2010
Table 3.2. Status of Institutions on Gender Equality and Equal Opportunity for Women and Men, 2010
Table 3.3. Overview of Variables
Table 3.4. State Compliance with Policy Harmonization, 1995–2010; Coefficients (PCSE), Linear Cross-Sectional Time-Series
Table 3.5. State Compliance with Institutional Adjustment, 1995–2010; Coefficients (PCSE), Linear Cross-Sectional Time-Series
Table 4.1. Ratification of the CEDAW Optional Protocol
Table 4.2. Law on Violence against Women/Domestic Violence, 2011
Table 4.3. Institutions on Violence against Women/Domestic Violence, 2011
Table 4.4. Enforcement of Policies on Violence against Women/Domestic Violence, 2010
Table 5.1. Governments in Poland, 1995–2010
Table 5.2. Ideology of Major Polish Parties
Table 6.1. Governments in Czech Republic, 1995–2010
Table 6.2. Ideology of Major Czech Parties
Table 7.1. Governments in Lithuania, 1995–2010
Table 7.2. Ideology of Major Lithuanian Parties
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to so many people who helped me and encouraged me at different stages of this project. I have had many mentors. In graduate school, seminars with Laurel Weldon and Patricia Boling encouraged my interest in women’s rights and made me aware of multiple barriers to achieving gender parity. They taught me to think critically about the impact of public policies on the opportunities of people, men and women, to advance in education, careers, and politics. I learned that the life chances of people are not random; they are structured by a deep gender divide which greatly impacts our life opportunities. Interactions with such scholars as Aaron Hofmann and Ann Clark led me to ask questions about the role of external actors in shaping states’ behavior. This book developed from my initial interest in how international norms on women’s rights encourage states to change domestic policies in support of working women. With time, this project grew into a larger inquiry about the mechanisms that international actors use to influence domestic politics.
I was fortunate to have encouraging and enthusiastic scholars on my dissertation committee. Perhaps they did not realize it, but my advisors encouraged me to elaborate this project in opposite directions: while Laurel Weldon and Rosalee Clawson recommended exploring a broader range of cases, Oxana Shevel and Robert Bartlett advocated a more nuanced and fine-grained analysis of a limited set of states. I have always kept this advice in my mind. In my dissertation and in this book, I try to strike a balance between these two goals by grounding my large n-statistical comparative analysis in detailed and nuanced case studies. My gratitude goes to my advisors. Most of all, Laurel Weldon has been a steadfast, forthright, and caring advisor. Always offering solid constructive advice, she has been an intellectual role model whose contribution went far beyond the obligations of a dissertation advisor. She introduced me to a field of gender and politics and to a world of the best feminist scholars. I also owe a special thanks to Amy Mazur for her confidence in me, her support and encouragement of young scholars and graduate students, and her willingness to read through some of the earlier drafts of this project. Amy is integrity defined.
Many of the ideas that appear in this book developed during the course of conversations at various conferences and workshops. I am tremendously grateful to many people who shared their ideas with me: Liza Baldez, Lee Ann Banaszak, Karen Beckwith, Christina Chiva, Katalin Fabian, Emilie Hafner-Burton, Mala Htun, Janet Johnson, Dorothy McBride, Celeste Montoya, Mark Pollack, Leigh Raymond, Meg Rincker, Aili Marie Tripp, Georgina Waylen, Christina Wolbrecht, and Kathrin Zippel. I received invaluable comments on early drafts of this work from the discussants at the American Political Science Association in August 2011, Midwest Political Science Association in April 2012, and the European Conference on Politics and Gender in March 2013.I am also indebted for comments and suggestions from the participants of Purdue Workshop on Informal Institutions and Intractable Global Problems held in West Lafayette in April, 2013. I was very fortunate to be part of the workshop, and my book benefited tremendously from the advice, questions, and encouragement I received. My special thanks go to my editor, Michael Rinella, and two anonymous reviewers who saw the value in this manuscript and helped me make this book a reality.
I would like to thank my colleagues at Loyola University Chicago for their interest, questions, and support of this endeavor. My special thanks go to Richard Matland, a good friend and colleague, with whom we spent long evenings talking about politics and Japanese cinematography in Siberia, Russia. Thank you for encouraging this project and always reminding me that smart women should be confident in what they do. David Doherty walked me through the mazes of statistical analysis and helped me to develop a model for this research, while correcting multiple mathematical errors I made; thank you for your patience and advice! My conversations and friendship with Molly Melin and Alex Grigorescu have inspired my work and helped me cope with the multiple competing tasks a young professor faces: doing research, writing, teaching, and raising children. Your friendship is very important to me and I greatly value our conversations. Vince Mahler read first drafts of this book and Raymond Tatalovich read the final version of the manuscript. I deeply appreciate your comments and suggestions!
This project would not be possible without support of my dearest friends, Sangmin Bae, Martyn De Bryn, Germano Franzoni, Inna Hannan, Evie Malaia, Mariya Omelicheva, Anna Pak Burdin, Kate Ralston, Sarah Robinson, and Anna Sokolovska. My husband, Keith Gordon, has been an incredible partner throughout the process of writing and revising the manuscript for publication, taking up the household duties and spending time with our two little children, Gabe and Natasha. This book, though, is dedicated to my parents, Galina and Alexander Avdeev, two surgeons from Siberia, whose sole goal was to give the best to their children and support us in all our endeavors and undertakings. It is to them I am indebted for everything.
I
EU Enlargement, Accession Conditionality, and Gender Equality
Theoretical Departures and Research Design
1
Introduction
On May 1, 2004, eight countries of the former communist bloc entered the European Union