Naming the Land , livre ebook
282
pages
English
Ebooks
2012
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282
pages
English
Ebooks
2012
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
29 décembre 2012
EAN13
9783905758535
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
14 Mo
This book encompasses a history of identity-building amongst Khwe San people, and of contestations for authority over land and natural resources in Namibias West Caprivi. The politics of authority in this contested borderland area were significantly shaped by state and NGO interventions into local institutions and land use between the late 1930s and 2006. Julie J. Taylor pays close attention to the role of NGOs in these processes. She shows that, in their relationship with West Caprivis residents, NGOs unintentionally contributed towards the hardening and politicising of ethnic difference, including through the implementation of land mapping projects. At the same time, in their relationship with the state, NGOs often worked to depoliticise struggles over authority, thus inadvertently reinforcing the states authority in the area.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
29 décembre 2012
EAN13
9783905758535
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
14 Mo
Naming the Land
Basel Namibia Studies Series
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Zedekia NgaviruePOLITICALPARTIESANDINTERESTGROUPSINSOUTHWESTAFRICA(NAMIBIA) A STUDYOFAPLURALSOCIETY(1972) (1997)
Wolfgang Werner‘NOONEWILLBECOMERICH’. ECONOMYANDSOCIETYINTHEHERERORE-SERVESINNAMIBIA, 1915–1946 (1998)
Lauren Dobell6:$32÷æ66758**/()251$0,%,$ ô :$5%<27+(50($16 ND (2(',7,21
Tony EmmettPOPULARRESISTANCEANDTHEROOTSOFNATIONALISMINNAMIBIA, 1915–1966 (1999)
James Suzman‘THINGSFROMTHEBUSH’. A CONTEMPORARYHISTORYOFTHEOMAHEKEBUSH-0(1
William Heuva0(',$$1'5(6,67$1&(32/,7,&6 7+($/7(51$7,9(35(66,11$0,%,$ ô
Marion Wallace+($/7+ 32:(5$1'32/,7,&6,1:,1'+2(. 1$0,%,$ ô
8/9 Lovisa T. Nampala; Vilho ShigwedhaAAWAMBOKINGDOMS, HISTORYANDCULTURALCHANGE. 3(563(&7,9(6)5201257+(511$0,%,$
10 Bennett KangumuCONTESTINGCAPRIVI. A HISTORYOFCOLONIALISOLATIONANDREGIONAL1$7,21$/,60,11$0,%,$
11 Inge Tvedten“ASLONGASTHEYDON’TBURYMEHERE”. SOCIALRELATIONSOFPOVERTYINA1$0,%,$16+$17<72:1
12Julie J. TaylorNAMINGTHELAND. SANIDENTITYANDCOMMUNITYCONSERVATIONINNAMIBIA’S:(67&$35,9,
J J. T ULIE AYLOR Introduction by William Beinart
Naming the Land San Identity and Community Conservation in 1DPLELDÑV :HVW &DSULYL
Basel Namibia Studies Series 12
Basler Afrika Bibliographien 2012
©2012 The authors ©2012 The photographers ©2012 Basler Afrika Bibliographien
Basler Afrika Bibliographien Namibia Resource Centre & Southern Africa Library Klosterberg 23 PO Box 2037 CH-4051 Basel Switzerland www.baslerafrika.ch
All rights reserved.
Efforts were made to trace the copyright holders of illustrations and maps used in this publication. We apologise for any incomplete or incorrect acknowledgements.
Cover photograph: Khwe women going to gather medicine near Chetto in Bwabwata/West Caprivi, 2006. Photographer: Julie Taylor
Basic Cover Design: VischerVettiger Basel
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Printed by John Meinert Printing (PTY) Ltd., Windhoek, Namibia 3ULQWHG RQ öWULSOH JUHHQ÷ SDSHU VL[W\ SHUFHQW VXJDU FDQH ķEUH FKORULQHIUHH VXVWDLQDEOH DĶRUHVWDWLRQ
ISBN 978-3-905758-25-2 ISSN 2234-9561
Contents
The Fortunes and Fragility of Community Conservation An Introduction by William Beinart
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction and MethodologyObjectives and StructureReasons for the studyObjectivesQuestions and ThemesStructure of the StudyResearch MethodsBeing Initiated into Local PoliticsTheoretical and Methodological ApproachesThe Dynamics of Working through an NGOParticipant Observation and Informal Interaction5HVHDUFKLQJ .KZH $JHQF\ 'LĶHUHQFH DQG WKH 0RUDO (FRQRP\ RI ,QHTXDOLW\InterviewsEthics and AdvocacyAnalysis of TextsTerminology, Orthography and Footnote StyleConclusion
2 Identity, Authority and CBNRMCommunity Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Southern AfricaThe Rise of the ‘New Conservation’ in Southern Africa&ULWLTXHV RI &%150 DQG $GGUHVVLQJ WKH 3ROLWLFV RI $XWKRULW\ DQG ,GHQWLW\CBNRM in Namibia&ULWLTXHV RI WKH &RQVHUYDQF\ 3URJUDPPHMaps, Power-knowledge and RepresentationThe Rise of Geographic Information SystemsSocial Theorists on GIS: A New Hegemonic Technology?
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1 1 1 3 5 6 8 8 10 12 13 15 18 22 23 24 26
28 30 32 34 39 44 47 49 50
GIS for Empowerment, and the Rise of Participatory GISIndigenous People’s CountermappingConclusions
'LĶHUHQWLDWLQJ ö%XVKPHQ÷ IURP ö%DQWXV÷ ,GHQWLW\ LQ :HVW &DSULYL ô Ethnic Relations and Socio-political Change in the Pre-colonial and Early Colonial PeriodsState Contributions to the Construction of Ethnicity, 1930–1989Veterinary Control, Border Guards and Political AuthorityThe Khwe Military IdentityConclusion
7KH 3ROLWLFV RI /DQG /HDGHUVKLS DQG ,GHQWLW\ ôStruggles over Land, Leadership and Natural Resources since IndependenceImpoverishment and Exclusion among the KhweChief Mbambo and the Khwe Traditional AuthorityEthnic Contestations over LandThe Case of N//goavaca CampsiteTracing Political Exclusion: Discourses on Khwe ‘Subversion’The Secessionist Movement and the Angolan WarEthnicity, Authority and NGOs: Recipes for ‘Tribalism’Conclusion
&KLHIV &KDLUPHQ DQG WKH 3ROLWLFV RI &%150 ôPossibility and Disillusion: The Rise of CBNRMMarginalisation, Strategisation and Identity‘Development’ at Last? The Struggle for Kyaramacan AssociationCBNRM, Traditional Authorities and the Politics of Hunting, 2006The Election of a New Khwe ChiefWest Caprivi’s Trophy Hunting ConcessionsKyaramacan Association and the Khwe Traditional AuthorityMore Resources, More Exclusion? Contestations over Meat DistributionKeeping Kyaramacan Out of Ethnic ‘Politics’: NGO–Government RelationsConclusion
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60 63 64 73 78
79 80 80 82 88 91 95 97 101 106
107 108 113 117 124 125 130 132 136 139 144
&%150 PHHWV &RXQWHUPDSSLQJ .KZH1*2 0DSSLQJ ôIndigenous Rights, Environmental Discourses, and Mapping TechnologiesSan Countermapping in Southern AfricaMaps and GIS in Namibian CBNRM DiscourseTransnational NGO Networks and Khwe Interests in MappingMapping West Caprivi: Exclusion, Visibility and ‘Depoliticisation’Negotiating Boundaries, Zones and Legibility in the ParkNo Such Place as West Caprivi: Visibility and the Ethnic Politics of ToponymsMbukushu Exclusion and IRDNC’s ‘Depoliticisation’Social and Technical Disruptions of the Power to NameConclusions
&RQFOXVLRQ 6DQ 1*2V DQG WKH 6WDWHKhwe Relationships with the StateKhwe Relationships to NGOsNGO Relationships with the StateCBNRM and Mapping, Governmentality and VisibilityThe Problem of ‘Indigeneity’: Implications for NGO Policy and CBNRMMapping, Ethnicity and NGO Approaches in Ngamiland, BotswanaThe Future
Timeline of the Evolution of CNBRM in Namibia
.H\ 3ROLF\ DQG /HJDO ,QVWUXPHQWV IRU &%150 LQ 1DPLELD
List of Acronyms
/LVW RI )LJXUHV DQG 3KRWRJUDSKV
Sources
%LEOLRJUDSK\
Index
147 149 151 155 159 163 164 170 177 181 185
188 188 189 190 192 194 196 199
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Basel Namibia Studies Series
In 1997,P. Schlettwein Publishing(PSP) launched theBasel Namibia Studies Series. Its pri-mary aim was to lend support to a new generation of research, scholars and readers emerg-ing with the independence of Namibia in 1990. Initially, the book series published crucially important doctoral theses on Namibian his-tory. It soon expanded to include more recent political, anthropological, media and cultural history studies by Namibian scholars. P. Schlettwein Publishing,as an independent publishing house, maintained the series in collaboration with theBasler Afrika Bibliographien (BAB), Namibia Resource Centre and Southern Africa Library in Switzerland. All share a commitment to encourage research on Africa in general and southern Africa in particular. Through the incorporation of PSP into theCarl Schlettwein Stiftung,the series, by then a consolidated platform for Namibian Stud-ies and beyond, was integrated into the publishing activities of the BAB. Academic publishing, whether from or about Namibia, remains limited. TheBasel Na-mibia Studies Seriescontinues to provide a forum for exciting scholarly work in the human and social sciences. The editors welcome contributions. For further information, or submission of manu-scripts, please contact theBasler Afrika Bibliographienat www.baslerafrika.ch.
7KH )RUWXQHV DQG )UDJLOLW\ RI &RPPXQLW\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ
An Introduction
Julie Taylor has written an extraordinary book about a distinctive part of southern Africa – the Caprivi in Namibia. A tongue of land between Angola and Botswana, straddling the wa-WHUVKHG DQG ĸRRGSODLQV RI WKH =DPEH]L LW LV DQ DUHD RQ WKH SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF PDUJLQV of the subcontinent. Yet it has natural riches, not least wildlife. Caprivi is also the terrain of Khwe or Bushmen communities and some innovative NGOs. Dr Taylor spent an extended period interviewing in this region, sometimes pitching her tent during heavy rains in zones IUHTXHQWHG E\ HOHSKDQWV 6KH ZDONHG LQ WKH EXVK ZRUNHG RQ FROOHFWLQJ DQG LGHQWLI\LQJ XV-able plants, and participated in counting wildlife. She was observed as well as an observer, ZKHQ 1DPLELDQ LQWHOOLJHQFH RĹFHUV EHFDPH FRQFHUQHG DERXW WKH SROLWLFDO LPSOLFDWLRQV RI her research and NGO activity in the area. Her adventure and commitment have produced rich evidence and, in some senses, an unusually optimistic analysis of an impoverished and marginal rural area. 1 The focus of this book, initially a doctoral thesis, is the Khwe. In the period of South $IULFDQ UXOH WKH\ ZHUH ODUJHO\ RĶ WKH PDS VXERUGLQDWH WR $IULFDQ FRPPXQLWLHV DQG WKH South African state in Namibia. During the border war between South Africa and SWAPO, many Khwe from Angola and Namibia were employed by the South African army. This led some to choose the option of leaving for South Africa when Namibia became independent LQ %XW WKH PDMRULW\ VWD\HG :KLOH WKH\ LQLWLDOO\ KDG D GLĹFXOW WLPH LQ SRVWFRORQLDO Namibia, their position has improved in recent years. Some of their territory is a wildlife reserve in which they have been allowed to stay. This is unusual in an African context; many national parks and reserves have been emptied of their people. As an indigenous com-munity, they have attracted attention from a successful and ambitious NGO. This external agency has worked with them to discover and promote their local knowledge. The Namib-ian government has eventually allowed them certain rights to wildlife within a national SDUN 7KH FHQWUDO DUJXPHQW RI WKH ERRN LV WKDW VLJQLķFDQW QXPEHUV RI WKLV PDUJLQDO FRP-munity have been able to take advantage of this opportunity. They are able to work with the NGO to generate income. And they have responded by asserting their identity more strongly, both in national terms and in relation to the minority Bantu-speaking African population in the area, the Mbukushu. They have also formed new institutions, including
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The doctoral thesis was submitted in 2007 to the University of Oxford with the title “Naming the Land. Identity, Authority and Environment in Namibia’s West Caprivi”.
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