Bridge to Success Biology 1 , livre ebook
84
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English
Ebooks
2015
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84
pages
English
Ebooks
2015
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
01 janvier 2015
EAN13
9789956580643
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
10 Mo
In the teaching and learning process, learners are expected to have acquired the basic concepts and principles in various subjects taught at the different levels of school. Bridge to Success Biology is a learning programme that has the objective of enhancing the acquisition of the required basic competencies in various subject areas. The immediate goal of the programme is to provide a quick summary of key concepts and principles with a lot of practice exercises to help the learner to pass their class and level exams with high grades. The series is innovative and tailored to the school curriculum so that it serves as a good supplementary tool to the core textbook.
Voir
Publié par
Date de parution
01 janvier 2015
EAN13
9789956580643
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
10 Mo
STUDY&REVISIONGUIDEFORBIOLOGY
F1 ORM
For Constance Abongnifor John Cheng B. Bounzou
Copyright ©
All rights reserved. No reproduction or transmission of this publication without written permission from the publisher and author. The author asserts his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the copyright law.
First edition 2015 © Nmi Education P.O. Box 31267 Yaounde - Cameroon Email: frontdesk@nmieducation.org Website: www.nmieducation.org
Project Manager: Mela Fokam Gisèle Épouse NGADEHI Editorial Assistant : Makowo Momo Solange Typesetter: ABONGHEN Brigitte Cover designer: ABONGHEN Brigitte Illustration: Nmi Education
ISBN: 9956-580-64-3
P REFACE
This first edition of the revision guide“Bridge to Success”is intended on helping Form One students to understand Biology without any stress, bearing in mind that these students are still very young and are not used to lengthy reading. The book is in simplified English and was summarised. This will enable them to understand the subject matter without any major problem. The book aims at introducing them to the science that studies living things. For this reason, the characteristics of living things have been clearly stated and very clear pictures used to enable them see for themselves and acknowledge that science is real. They are also introduced to the different ways of observing living things and how environmental factors affect these living organisms.
The idea of the cell as the basic unit of life is also brought into the lime light. Students are also introduced to the careers related to the study of Biology. This will boast their morale and enable them to be more interested in the subject.
Some organisms have been chosen and studied especially the flowering plants and pictures used wherever possible to ease their understanding.
Hygiene and its basic role is also introduced so that the students can know how to take good care of themselves, their clothing and even the environment to prevent the spread of diseases which are becoming more and more rampant in our environment. I therefore strongly belief that this book will help the students to revise and pass their exams and also to lay a solid foundation as for as the study of Biology in particular and science in general is concerned. A piece of work of this nature cannot be done without loop holes. Any constructive criticisms that can be done to improve on the next edition will be welcomed.
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Shey YIVEYUVI JULIUS MAINEMO
T C ABLE OF ONTENT Chapter One: Introduction to Biology 1.0 Learning objectives; definition of Biology 1.1of Biology Branches 1.2Objectives of studying Biology 1.3Careers related to Biology 1.4Relationships between Biology and other subjects 1.5Activities and questions Chapter Two: Characteristics of living things 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Characteristics (life processes) 2.2 Differences between living and non living things 2.3 Activities and questions Chapter Three: Biological Presentations 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Drawings 3.2 Diagrams 3.3 Rules for making of good Biological drawings and diagrams 3.4 Labeling Biological drawings and diagrams 3.5 Some terms used in drawings and diagrams 3.6 Tools used in drawings and diagrams 3.7 Activities and questions Chapter Four: Observing living organisms 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Techniques of observation in science 4.2 Observation tools 4.3 Observing some organisms 4.4 Activities and questions Chapter Five: Classification of living organisms 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Reasons for classifying organisms 5.2 Classification systems 5.3 Naming of organisms 5.4 Activities and questions
Chapter Six: Effects of environmental factors on plants and animals 6.0 Introduction 6.1 Effects of light on living things 6.2 Effects of temperature on living things 6.3 Effects of wind on living things 6.4 Effects of seasonal changes on living things 6.5 Effects of changes of day and night on living things. 6.6 Effects of soil types on living things 6.7 Effects of weather on living things
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Chapter Seven: The cell structure and functions of parts. 7.0 Introduction 7.1 The cell and cell theory 7.2 The cell structure 7.3 Comparison between plant and animal cells 7.4 Some unicellular organisms 7.5 Study of habitats 7.6 Activities and questions
Chapter Eight: Flowering Plants 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Structure of flowering plants 8.2 The Root 8.3 The stem 8.4 The leaf 8.5 Activities and questions
Chapter Nine: The flower and plant reproduction 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Structure of flowers 9.2 Some terms used to describe flowers 9.3 Uses of flowers 9.4 Types of flowers 9.5 Pollination 9.6 Fertilization, seed and fruit formation 9.9 Fruit and seed dispersal
Chapter Ten: Hygiene 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Personal hygiene (cleanliness) 10.2 Some common poor hygiene diseases 10.3 Clothing and health 10.4 Some other common diseases 10.5 Habits and their effects on health
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CHAPTERONE
INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY
Learning Objectives: At the end of this lesson, students should be able to: 1) Define Biology. 2) List the different branches of Biology and what they deal with. 3) List careers in society related to Biology. 4) State basic similarities between Biology and other science subjects.
1.0DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY Biology is one of the pure science subjects dealing with living things. The word Biology comes from two Greek words;Bioswhich means life andLogoswhich stands for knowledge or “study of”. Therefore Biology is defined as:The study of life or it is the study of living things.Living thingsinclude: viruses, bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi, animals and plants. Biology therefore has a vast field of knowledge. But why do we study Biology? When we study Biology, we learn about many different living things in the world. It also helps us to choose a career in life. We study it because we ourselves are living, and we depend on other living things for our needs. This study will help us know more about the living things around us so that we will get the greatest benefit from these living things without destroying them. In science, we should always be attempting to find out things. We should ask the questions “why is this” and “how is this”. We young biologists should ask these questions all the time and should always try to find out the answers by observation. That is, by looking and noticing very carefully what happens and by carrying out experiments. This method of answering these questions has gone through out the history of Biology. There are some renowned biological scientists who have contributed a lot to the development of the subject. Amongst them are: th 1-Anaximander:BC) who(5 century He was a Greek philosopher of the fifth century before Christ believed and suggested that human beings originated or evolved from fish. 2-Hippocrates:This was a Greek philosopher who in 400 before Christ (400BC) showed interest in studying facts about nature. He was fondly called “father of medicine”. 3-Aristotle:He was another Greek philosopher who hired one thousand men in 300 before Christ (300 BC) to help him collect and observe specimens of animal life.
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4-Andrew Vesalius:A Belgian physician (Doctor in Physics) in 1554 AD published a book about the internal structure of the human body. He is generally referred to as the “father of Anatomy”. th 5-Asay Gray:American plants andHe was a US Artist of the 19 Century who described and classified both animals. 6-Harvey:theAn English physician (Doctor in Physics) showed how blood circulates continuously through human body. This was in 1628. 7-Antony Van Leeuwenhoeck:Discovered bacteria using his simple microscope. He invented the microscope which is used in viewing tiny living things. 8-Robert Hooke:An English man, observed tissues in living things and described them as being made of tiny boxes. These were later described by two Germans – Schneider and Schwann as cells. They then suggested the cell theory which states that “All living things were made of cells”. 9-Carolus Linnaeus (1735, Sweden): He brought the binomial system of naming living things and introduced a very important way of classifying organisms. 10-Louis Pasteur, (1822, France):Discovered tiny structures called bacteria and proposed that they cause diseases. 11-Charles Darwin (1859, England):Proposed the theory of evolution. 12-Gregor Mendel (Austrian Monk, 1856): Discovered how living things inherit their characteristics in what is known as genetics. These great biologists were not the only ones who have contributed to the development of the subject. There are many more especially of recent times. There are indeed many today who are studying and contributing much more, to the study of life. I am therefore sure that you will not only contribute to this knowledge but also to have your name written as the great scientists above. 1.1 Branches of Biology There are three major areas of biology. These include: 1- Botany:The study of plants. The biologists who study plants are called botanists. 2- Zoology:The study of animals. This is done by zoologist. 3- Ecology or Environmental Biology:the relationship between living things and their Studies environment. These major areas are sub divided into branches such as: Anatomy:The study of the internal structure of organisms. Morphology:Study of the structure and form of organisms. Physiology:Study of the processes and activities that take place in an organism. Taxonomy: Classification of living things according to their resemblances. Mycology:Study of fungi. Virology:Study of viruses. Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
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Genetics and Heredity:The study of characteristics and how they are transmitted from parents to offspring. Paleontology:Study of things which used to live on earth but are extinct. Pathology: Study of diseased parts of plants and animals and of ways to recognise and treat them. Embryology:The study of the first stages in the development of plants and animals. Evolution:The study concerned with the ways plants and animals have changed in the past and are still changing in the present. Biotechnology:The application of biology in food processing industries. Microbiology:is the study of organism called micro-organism. It There are many more branches which we will discover as we study further.
1.2 Objectives of studying Biology There are many reasons why we study biology. The main reason is to know about ourselves. This study will enable us to find out answers to questions such as: 1)How did we develop? 2)How were we born? 3)How do we know we are alive? 4)How do we see, hear, talk and walk? These and many more questions are answered as we study biology. Generally, when we study biology; -We equip ourselves with information about ourselves and our environment. -We acquire knowledge on the scientific ways of solving problems. -We get knowledge on the basic principles of life and natural laws that influence living things. -We obtain knowledge that enables us to understand the sciences of medicine, food technology, agriculture, bioconservation, animal rearing, and biotechnology. -with methods of having leisure, hobbies, careers and ways of becoming famous.It leaves us
1.3 Careers Related to Biology The study of biology can lead us into many enjoyable professions or careers. These include amongst others: 1)Medicine:(To become a medical doctor) with its specialties such as dentistry (care ofteeth) ophthamology (care of eyes) etc.
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